Recently, many studies utilizing next generation sequencing have investigated plant evolution anddomesticationin annualcrops.Peach,Prunus persica, is a typicalperennial fruitcrop that has ornamental and edible varieties. Unlike otherfruit crops, cultivatedpeachincludes a large number of phenotypes but few polymorphisms. In this study, we explore the genetic basis ofdomesticationinpeachand the influence of humans on its evolution. We perform large-scale resequencing of 10 wild and 74 cultivatedpeachvarieties, including 9 ornamental, 23 breeding, and 42 landrace lines. We identify 4.6 million SNPs, a large number of which could explain the phenotypic variation in cultivatedpeach.Populationanalysis shows a singledomesticationevent, the speciation of P.persicafrom wildpeach. Ornamental and ediblepeachboth belong to P.persica, along with another geographically separated subgroup,Prunusferganensis. Our analyses enhance our knowledge of thedomestication historyofperennial fruit crops, and the dataset we generated could be useful for future research oncomparative populationgenomics.